Sources of African History free essay sample

Sources of african history A source of history can be divided into two big groups, remnants and storytelling which usually are called primary and secondary sources. The primary sources, remnants and written documents are counted as more reliable than the oral history. African history has been a challenge for researchers because of scarce written sources in many regions, especially sub – Saharan Africa. Prejudice against black Africans in particular, which goes far back in history, has meant that African history has been dictated by Eurocentric or even racist research. According to many of the historians with a Eurocentric perspective there was no history in Africa, or so to say nothing they would refer to as history before the white man came to the continent, before it was only â€Å"dark† and the high mobility of the sub – Saharan Africa was described by some as â€Å"barbaric tribes senseless circling†. It wasn’t until the 1960: s that African researchers started to write African history themselves, before that the views were strongly Eurocentric. We will write a custom essay sample on Sources of African History or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Previously many argued that Africa simply had no history because of the lack of written documents and the fact that most cultures around sub – Saharan Africa had no written language. When European explorers in the mid – 1800:s were exploring Africa they came upon the ruins of Great Zimbabwe, they refused to believe that Africans had built them, instead they made up theories that it had been developed by Arabs or medieval Europeans who strayed down to the west coast of Africa. The Afro centric movement was created during the 1960: s, one of their goals was to rewrite the African history with a focus on Africans, rather than the Europeans history on the African continent. To solve the problem with the lack of written sources led them to seek alternative sources of information like oral tradition which can be found throughout Africa, linguistics, archeology, anthropology and art. By studying linguistics you can find resemblance to other languages, one example is the Bantu language. It is believed that Bantu languages originated in Nigeria and Cameroon in West Africa. Around 2500 – 3000 years ago began the group of speakers of the Bantu language migrate to the east and south. Many historians believe that the Bantu migration played a significant role in populating the Sub – Saharan area. By using archeology you can also find evidence that proves that the Bantu people were farmers, by studying the soil the historians today argue that the Bantu movement was a gradual, generation to generation spread of agricultural communities in the search of fresh soil and wetter areas. Art, such as rock paintings have been a great help to date prehistoric times, but also to help us understand the temporal spread of cultures across a wide geographical area where you can find rock art. These cave paintings might mark a territory, enact rituals or to record events or stories. This type of historical art can be found at various places on the African continent, from rock paintings and stone carvings we can receive information about ancient times, the people, their society, rituals and lifestyle with the help of archeology we can date these paintings and carvings. Artifacts are also a great source of African history. The term artifact is closely related to the concept of material culture and that may have a cultural interest. Stone tools, pottery vessels and jewellery are examples on these remains, studying them can give us a hint on how they looked, worshipped and what they ate. Another important source of African history is oral tradition. Oral tradition is culture, traditions, events and stories passed on from generation to generation. They may take form in Oral tradition, and oral lore is cultural material and traditions transmitted orally from one generation to another. [1][2] The messages or testimony are verbally transmitted in speech or song and may take the form, for example, of folktales, sayings, ballads, songs, or chants. In this way, it is possible for a society to transmit oral history, oral literature, oral law and other knowledges across generations without a writing system. . . Definition of a source of history A source of history can be divided in to two big groups: remnants and Types of sources Sources of African history

Dahalokely - Facts and Figures

Dahalokely - Facts and Figures Name: Dahalokely (Malagasy for small bandit); pronounced DAH-hah-LOW-keh-lee Habitat: Woodlands of Madagascar Historical Period: Mid-Late Cretaceous (90 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 12 feet long and 300-500 pounds Diet: Meat Distinguishing Characteristics: Moderate size; bipedal posture; distinctively shaped vertebrae About Dahalokely Like many regions of the earth, the Indian Ocean island of Madagascar (off the eastern coast of Africa) harbors a huge gap in its fossil record, stretching all the way from the late Jurassic to the late Cretaceous periods. The importance of Dahalokely (which was announced to the world in 2013) is that this meat-eating dinosaur lived 90 million years ago, shaving about 20 million years off the far end of Madagascars almost 100-million-year fossil gap. (Its important to bear in mind that Madagascar wasnt always an island; a couple of million years after Dahalokely lived, this landmass split off from the Indian subcontinent, which itself had yet to collide with the underside of Eurasia.) What does the provenance of Dahalokely, combined with the history of Madagascar, tell us about the distribution of theropod dinosaurs in during late Cretaceous period? Since Dahalokely has been tentatively classified as a modestly sized abelisaura breed of meat-eating predator ultimately descended from the South American Abelisaurusthis may be a hint that it was ancestral to Indian and Madagascan theropods of the later Cretaceous, like Masiakasaurus and Rajasaurus. However, given the scarcity of Dahalokelys fossil remainsall we have for now is the partial skeleton of a subadult specimen, lacking the skullmore evidence will be needed to conclusively establish this link.

Provide nursing care for clients requiring palliative care Case Study

Provide nursing care for clients requiring palliative care - Case Study Example Such a care is known as palliative care. In this project various aspects of palliative care will be discussed which are individualised and tailor-made to a 85 year old patient by name Lora with advanced breast canccer in terminal stages. Lorna is in the terminal stages of advanced Breast cancer. She has gone through mastectomy and chemotherapy, but in vain. At this stage what she requires is palliative care. The aim of palliative care must be to relieve the patient of suffering, promote function of the patient, deliver help to meet the daily living needs of the patient, provide psychosocial support to the patient and also the family of the patient and clarify goals of care and associated treatments. The objective of palliative care in Lora must be to support her to live as actively as possible until she is alive, help the family members cope with their illness of their loved one and prepare them for death of Lora. The four cardinal principles of palliative care are non-malificence, beneficience, patient autonomy and justice. These principles need to be applied in the perspective of respect for life, acceptance of the fact that death is inevitable, provision of treatments which take care of the ongoing suffering, str iving to preserve life only as long as life is not a burden and beyond that only asserting life, and also individual needs and that of the society (National Cancer Control Programme, 2005). Currently, Laura has has increased pain, chest swelling and progressive weakness. She has also developed a decline in her cognitive ability. Her chest swelling is uncontrollable as is her pain at present. Thus, the corner stone of palliative care in Laura would be pain relief. The pain management in her must be guided by the cancer pain management protocols. The analgesic ladder approach of pain managment by the World Health Organisation (WHO, 2009)is an useful guide to

DOUBLE REPLACEMENT AND REACTION Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

DOUBLE REPLACEMENT AND REACTION - Assignment Example The balanced equation for the reaction is: Ba(OH)2+2HNO3→Ba(NO3)2+2HOH (c)No. The reaction between Copper (II) Sulphate and Zinc Bromide would not complete. This is because Zinc ions in the solution will react with the Sulphate ions to form Zinc Sulphate which is insoluble in nature .The formation of this precipitate then indicates that the whole reaction is not complete. (d)Yes. The reaction between Sodium Carbonate and Hydrochloric acid will complete because the acid in the reaction is a strong acid meaning that it will react to dissociate completely into hydroxyl ions. This then indicates that the reaction is complete. The equation for this reaction is given as: Na2CO3+2HCI→2NaCl+H2CO3 (e)Yes. The reaction between Barium Chloride and Sulphuric acid will complete because the sulphuric acid is a strong acid and hence it will dissociate completely in the solution to form hydroxyl ions. Due to the completeness of this dissociation, the whole reaction is said to be complete. The equation for the reaction is given as:

A Study On Hard Disk Drive Computer Science Essay

A Study On Hard Disk Drive Computer Science Essay Every desktop computer, laptop and netbook contains a hard-disk drive. The hard-disk drive, better known as the hard drive, is one of the most vital components in a computer. The hard drive stores information for the computer in a non-volatile way, meaning that when the user shuts off the computer, all the information he saved will still be there when he turns the computer back on. Today, hard drives can store an enormous amount of information. We will take a look at how a hard drive operates and saves information. Figure 1 is a picture of a typical hard drive (Hallock). Figure 1: Enclosed hard drive (Hallock) Six basic elements make up the composition of a hard drive: The enclosure, spindle motor, hard drive platters, actuator arm, interface and logic board. The enclosure is simply the outer shell that protects and holds everything together. The four largest and most important properties that will be outlined below are the interface, logic board, hard drive platters, spindle motor, and the read/write to disk. The actuator arm will be referred to and described within these outlined sections (Hallock). Interface A hard drive connects to your computer through a specific type of interface (Bleeping Computer). The hard drive port and the port on the computer where they connect must be the same; otherwise they will not be able to sync up together. Logic Board The logic board performs several significant operations. The logic board is the brain of the hard drive. It tells the computer what the drive is, how big it is, what cable its connected to, and how to access the drive in your operating system. Figure 2 below is a picture of a logic board (Hallock). Another key function of the logic board is the read/write cache process, without this the hard drive would be slow in saving and retrieving files. When a computer is told to open 1,000 megabytes of information, the hard drive passes the information to you as quickly as it is able through the cache process. While the hard drive is loading the first 16MB of the file, the next chunk of data is prepared to roll and is waiting in the cache; when you open the cached chunk of data, another is fed into the cache, and so on until all the information is opened. This is the read portion of the cache process, the reverse of this process occurs to write information (Hallock). This cache process is an integral part of the read/write to disk function that is described in a section below. Hard Drive Platters Platters are the round plates in the Figure 4 below (Bleeping Computer). Platters contain all the information stored on the hard drive. The platters themselves are the most important and complicated component included in a hard drive. Todays platters are thin disks (thus the hard disk name) of glass or aluminum, coated with an ultra-thin layer of a cobalt alloy, which is naturally magnetic. Data is written to sectors which are organized into concentric rings outwards from the spindle called tracks, and all of those are managed into clusters by the file system youve chosen. To write the data, the actuator arm aligns the magnetization of the platter in a pattern recognizable to the hard drives logic board (Hallock). In other words, the actuator arm swings across the platter to find information that the user desires. The Spindle Motor The spindle motor is the most basic moving component in a hard drive. The spindle motor is controlled by the logic board and is responsible for turning the hard disk platters, allowing the hard drive to operate. The faster the spindle spins the faster the read/write capabilities the hard drive has. Below in Figure 3 is a spindle motor stripped of its platters and all other components (PC Guide). Figure 3: Spindle Motor (PC Guide) Read/Write to Disk The read process is when the user requests data from the hard drive and it is transmitted to the computer. The write process is when the user saves information on the hard drive for later use. Here are the steps in the read/write process: The user requests information on the hard drive. The operating system accesses the files and locations via the motherboards hard drive controller. The operating system tells the hard drives logic board that it wants a file. The logic board spins up the platters on the spindle. The actuator arm is moved into position. The logic board reads and amplifies the very weak, isolated magnetic fields that comprise your data. The logic board begins using the actuator to read information from the sectors in the requested cluster. Information is streamed into the hard drive cache. The information is fed from the cache, to the hard drive controller, to you and RAM. The write process is almost the exact opposite, except instead of accessing the platters to find a files location; its accessing the file table to find free clusters for write space (Hallock). Summary Hard drives are the main component in many computer-driven technologies today. There are seven basic parts to a hard drive; the enclosure, spindle, platter, motor, actuator arm, interface and logic board. A hard drive in where all the information is stored on a computer. Hard drives have been a key innovative technology in saving and storing data that has become such an integral part of our society. Works Cited Hallock, Robert. How Hard Drives Work.Icrontic. N.p., 5 June 2007. Web.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  10 Mar. 2010. Hard Disk Spindle Motor.The PC Guide. N.p., 17 April 2001. Web.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  12 Mar. 2010. How Hard Drives Work.Bleeping Computer. Bleeping Computer ,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  12 Nov. 2005. Web. 10 Mar., 2010.

Studying psychological disorders

1.) Describe the general behaviors associated with the disorder. Psychological disorders are usually associated with disturbances in mood, perception, memory, and emotions. There could be an increase in the level of anxiety which is usually observed in patients with phobias or other stress disorders. There could also be dissociation or disrupted consciousness and identity which is characteristic of dissociative disorders.Basically, these people could experience confusion on their situation and there could also be estranged from one’s own environment. These individuals could also exhibit over the board behaviors and activities. There are also evident physical manifestations of the disorders such as seizure or other physical disabilities. a) Explain how biological influences play a role. Biological influences play a big role in explaining the nature of psychological disorders. The psychological side of man is usually associated with the nervous system and its functions.Different existing medical treatments for psychological disorders also focus on monitoring brain activities and the likes. Also, there are several cases in which physical trauma to the brain can cause certain psychological distress and at the same time psychological disorders are often manifested in an abrupt change in biological processes. Genetic factors may also increase a person’s risk of acquiring a psychological illness. b) Are there biological reasons why an individual may exhibit behaviors related to the disorder?Explain your answer. There are biological reasons behind the behaviors of an individual having a particular disorder. For example, sleep disorders are mainly caused by a disruption in the biological sleep patterns of the individual. This psychological disorder is also biological in nature because it also involves difficulty in breathing and even paralysis of different parts of the body. Sleep disorders can also be caused by other psychological illnesses such as schizo phrenia and other mood disorders.

The Unusual Details About Topics for a Argument Essay That Some People Do Not Know About

The Unusual Details About Topics for a Argument Essay That Some People Do Not Know About The Secret to Topics for a Argument Essay Writing an excellent persuasive essay is a significant method to impress both your teacher and peers. English language classes usually take a lot of writing. A student ought to keep in contact with the hottest trends and know which persuasive essay topics are related to sound convincing in regards to defending personal opinions. Even though the introduction, your abilities. Topics for a Argument Essay - What Is It? Good persuasive essay topics must be persuasive. Persuasive essays are a really good means to encourage the reader to check at a particular topic in a different light. A persuasive essay is virtually identical. All persuasive essays are like argumentative essays. To locate argumentative essay topics easy on various platforms, you will need to comprehend about the argumentative essay. You are a genuine expert in regards to persuasive essay topics. Moral argumentative essay topics are a few of the simplest to get carried away with. Recent argumentative essay topics that are related to society is going to do. To do so, you need to get a guide to compose the very best essay on the selected topic. In circumstances when you get to pick the topic for an argumentative essay, you need to be wise and locate a title that will intrigue a reader. You may pick topics from several lists of ready themes. Researching the topic permits you to find out more about what fascinates you, and should you pick something you truly like, writing the essay will be more enjoyable. Top Choices of Topics for a Argument Essay One of the greatest approaches to change anybody's mind is with an emotional investment. You should have your reasons, and our primary concern is that you find yourself getting a great grade. When you're picking your topic, bear in mind that it's much simpler to write about something which you currently have interest ineven in case you don't know a good deal about it. What's more, the topic itself includes a whole lot of statistics and can be ideal for practically any business, statistics, marketing or other majors. There are many steps which you should take so as to write a superb essay. Anyway, direct and indirect quotes are required to support your understanding of academic writing style. The process an extremely straightforward. You could come up with the way the conversation breakdown could possibly be associated with disappointment by both events to-use strategies that are Rogerian. At the conclusion of these list, you are going to discover links to a variety of argumentative paragraphs and essays. Even if you're a specialist in a particular field, don't be afraid to use and cite external sources. Besides general knowledge you have concerning the subject, you won't mind dedicating some opportunity to research, writing procedure, and other elements essential for the high-quality essay. Argumentative research paper topics are a good deal much easier to find than to produce. The End of Topics for a Argument Essay Argumentative essays suppose there is a discussion opposed to a single viewpoint, while persuasive ones involve supporting just one position. Becoming in a position to compose a strong argument will allow you to succeed in society. After picking your subject, you have to have the five kinds of arguments at the rear of your head throughout your writing. You may find there's a compelling argument for learning another language after all! The Chronicle s of Topics for a Argument Essay You'll wind up lost without having the capability to make an argument and develop it correctly. Even if you think in a specific argument very strongly, if you lack the evidence to demonstrate your point, then your argument might just be as great as lost. Finding the most suitable arguments can help you prove your point and win. You are able to restate your argument, which is quite a common practice amongst essayists. On the opposite side, acquiring a list of good persuasive essay topics is insufficient. Among the initial and main problems many face when they need to compose a persuasive essay for college or for another goal is selecting a topic. The very first step is to locate a topic that you could write about, one that you're confident in. It is vital to pick a great topic so as to compose an excellent paper. An argumentative essay requires you to choose a topic and have a position on it. Deciding on your topic isn't that easy. Selecting an emotional topic is also an excellent idea. Deciding upon a topic for this kind of essay can be challenging.